Computing in Stock Market
Summary
Technology are applied everywhere in today's stock market including transactions, analysis, information, etc. The information about the stock market flows much faster than ever. Benefit from the technology improvement, the shortening of the period between a trade being initiated and complete, or the reduction of latency as it is known, is the ultimate aim of any stock exchange worth its salt.
Definitions
Equity: Equity in stock market represents the remaining interest in assets of a company, spread among individual shareholders of common or preferred stock
Share: In financial markets, a share is a unit of account for various financial instruments including stocks (ordinary or preferential), and investments in limited partnerships
Shares outstanding: Shares outstanding that have been authorized, issued, and purchased by investors and are held by them. They have voting rights and represent ownership in the corporation by the person that holds the shares.
Float: float is what is actually has been sold to the public
Market Capitalization: The market capitalization is the share price times the number of shares outstanding
Stock Exchange: Provide a secondary market where stockbrokers can buy and sell shares of companies listed on the exchange
Stockbrokers pay to be members
Companies pay to be listed
Example: NYSE, NASDAQ, Amsterdam, London, Paris, Singapore, Shanghai, Bombay, Tokyo, etc…
Open Outcry: Traders call out and use hand signals on the “floor” of the exchange to indicate buy and sell requests
Day Trading: Buying and selling stocks – typically closing out positions on same day
Trading on speculation rather than company fundamentals
Example: Stock priced at $2 (last trade). Day trader bids $2.001 (at front of list of bids). Waits until others ask $2.01. Day trader asks $2.009 (at front of list of asks). Sells. Makes $0.008 profit - $80 (less commissions) on 10,000 shares. Can do this many times in a day.
Works if stock is not too actively traded or too price-volatile
Partially responsible for stock bubble in late 90s (dot-com boom)
Major issues/questions
How investors (shareholders) make money?
Basically two ways:
Dividends: Company takes operating profit and pays part back to shareholders
Increase in share price(Can’t realize profit until shares are sold)
What are the risks for those two ways to make money?
Why do we invest our money into the stock market?
Why do share prices change?
Simple economics (supply and demand)
If there are more buyers than sellers, price that buyers are willing to pay increases until sellers are willing to sell (buyers compete for limited supply)
If there are more sellers than buyers, price that sellers are willing to take decreases until buyers are willing to buy (sellers compete for limited demand)
What impacts buyers and sellers?
Company earnings: Revenue, profit, change from one quarter to next
Company events: Layoffs, store closings, scandals, executive firings, purchases of other companies, product announcements, drug approvals/denials, etc.
Analyst recommendations (pro or con)
Outside events
How does all this buying and selling take place?
Primary market
Secondary market
How do I buy stock?
Open an account with a stockbroker
Full-service brokers
Discount brokers
You place orders to buy/sell with your broker
Broker executes trades at the exchange on your behalf
If I want to buy a stock, what options do I have?
If I want to sell a stock, what options do I have?
What's the stockbrokers' role in the transaction? And how they make money?
The stock market matches buyers and sellers electronically
Brokers make money by charging a commission on each trade (typically both buyers and sellers pay)
Brokers can also make money by aggregating trades
What are the technology implications in the stock market?
Immediate financial settlement
Before electronic trading, took 5-10 days when buying a stock before you could resell
Physical stock certificates were often sent to buyers
Result was less trading volume, more holding stock for longterm investment, and less volatility
Are there any automated trading system exist?
Yes.
Programs make choices to buy and sell stocks for traders Can make decisions to trade and place orders almost instantaneously
Can cause problems if algorithm bad (1987 stock market crash)
Benefits large traders, often at expense of small traders
In automated trading milliseconds make a difference.
With algorithms trading, latency in getting price information is a big deal since price changes from time to time in milliseconds.
Relevant articles
Technology Magnifies Errors
Mizuho Bank - 2009
IPO - ¥610,000/share ($5041/share) of J-COM
Trader wanted to sell 1 share at ¥610,000
Instead placed order to sell 610,000 shares at ¥1 each
Loss to bank was 3 months profits J-COM ended up being 1/3 owned by Merrill Lynch
Tokyo stock exchange lost 1.72%
Proctor & Gamble(P&G) – 2010
Trader placed order typing ‘b’ instead of ‘m’ (billion vs. million) for number of shares
Share price dropped $61.56 → $39.37 in 20 minutes
NYSE dropped 600 points in 20 minutes (and recovered though still off almost 400 points for the day)
Is Speed Trader Mark Gorton Killing Wall Street?
Has Computer Trading Made the Stock Market a "Crapshoot"?
Computer-trading worries grow as NYSE builds new datacenter
http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/08/nyse-builds-computer-trading-mothership-worries-abound.ars
For every technique or technology that comes under the heading of HFT, you can dig up an example of how people did this same thing on a much smaller scale without computers. Therefore, the argument goes, the relatively recent (see below) use of computers to do two orders of magnitude more of these activities in a given timeslice is “nothing new,” despite the fact that the computers are now doing this among themselves without human intervention.
A Major Problem with the Modern Day Stock Market
Discussion Questions
Is more technology good in this realm? What are the effects?
Does the potential for manipulation cause problems? If so, how can we fix so manipulation doesn’t occur?